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Nyiro JU, Munywoki P, Kamau1 E, Agoti C, Gichuki A, Etyang T, Otieno G, Noke DJ
This paper reports the epidemiological data of respiratory viruses at nine outpatient health facilities in rural coastal Kenya as well as in hospital settings. More than half (53.7%) of participants with ARI symptoms were from children younger than 5 years. The most common respiratory viruses detected were rhinovirus, influenza virus, coronavirus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and adenovirus. In hospital settings with young children admitted to hospitals, the frequency of RSV and adenovirus was significantly higher, indicating they were more commonly associated with severe disease. More data tracking temporality and seasonality of viral prevalence over multiple years as well as discussion on viral co-infections would strengthen the evidence.
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Mazur NI, Horsley N, Englund JA, Nederend M, Magaret A, Kumar A, Jacobino SR, de Haan CAM, Khatry SK, LeClerq SC, Steinhoff MC, Tielsch JM, Katz J, Graham BS, Bont LJ, Leusen JHW, Chu HY
Maternal RSV vaccines are on the verge of establishment. Protection by maternal vaccination is mainly based on transplacental antibody (Ab) transfer. Antibody transfer via breast milk might offer additional protection. The immunological correlate for protection against RSV, by maternal antibodies transferred via breast milk, is unknown. Mazur and colleagues are the first to show that breast milk derived antibodies directed against pre-F RSV play an important role in the protection against RSV infection. They conducted a study among 174 infants under the age of 6 months. Infants were stratified by risk factors into a group with and a group without RSV. While pre-F IgA Ab did not differ between the two groups, pre-F IgG Ab was significantly lower in the group with RSV. Although the difference between the two groups was small it does suggest the potential role of pre-F IgG antibodies as a correlate of protection against RSV respiratory tract infection. Induction of pre-F IgG in breast milk by maternal vaccination will probably transfer protection to infants against RSV disease, additional to transplacental antibody transfer. This review was written by Sjanna Besteman Geerdink RJ, Hennus MP, Westerlaken GHA, Abrahams AC, Albers KI, Walk J, Wesselink E, Janssen R, Bont L, Meyaard L.
How to hold neutrophils in check During RSV bronchiolitis neutrophils are the most abundant immune cells in the lung. Neutrophils are known to produce neutrophil extra cellular traps (NETs) which can induce injury to epithelial cells and hence contribute to disease severity. Neutrophils express several inhibitory receptors including LAIR-1. Whether targeting this receptor could diminish NET release is the question Geerdink and colleagues answer in their article. Their study demonstrates that sputum neutrophils from the lungs of RSV infected patients are highly activated and show increased LAIR-1 expression compared to blood derived neutrophils. More strikingly; targeting LAIR-1 with antibodies inhibited NET formation by 50%. This finding offers an innovative strategy that, together with newly developed antiviral, could contribute to the treatment of RSV bronchiolitis. Mazur NI, Higgins D, Nunes MC, Melero JA, Langedijk AC, Horsley N, Buchholz UJ, Openshaw PJ, Mc Lellan JS, Englund JA, Meijas A, KArron RA, Simōes EA, Knezevic I, Ramilo O, Piedra PA, Chu HY, Falsey AR, Nair H, Kragten-Tabatabaie L, Greenough A, Baraldi E, Papadopoulus NG, Vekenmans J, Polack FP, Powell M, Satav A, Walsh EE, Stein RT, Graham BS, Bont LJ, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Network (ReSViNET) Foundation.
The global burden of disease caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is increasingly recognised, not only in infants, but also in older adults (aged ≥65 years). Advances in knowledge of the structural biology of the RSV surface fusion glycoprotein have revolutionised RSV vaccine development by providing a new target for preventive interventions. The RSV vaccine landscape has rapidly expanded to include 19 vaccine candidates and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in clinical trials, reflecting the urgency of reducing this global health problem and hence the prioritisation of RSV vaccine development. The candidates include mAbs and vaccines using four approaches: (1) particle-based, (2) live-attenuated or chimeric, (3) subunit, (4) vector-based. Late-phase RSV vaccine trial failures highlight gaps in knowledge regarding immunological protection and provide lessons for future development. In this Review, we highlight promising new approaches for RSV vaccine design and provide a comprehensive overview of RSV vaccine candidates and mAbs in clinical development to prevent one of the most common and severe infectious diseases in young children and older adults worldwide. Obando-Pacheco P, Justicia-Grande AJ, Rivero-Calle I, Rodríguez-Tenreiro C, Sly P, Ramilo O, Mejías A, Baraldi E, Papadopoulos NG, Nair H, Nunes MC, Kragten-Tabatabaie L, Heikkinen T, Greenough A, Stein RT, Mazoni P, Bont L, Martinón-Torres F.
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory infections in children. By the age of 1 year, 60%-70% of children have been infected by RSV. In addition, early-life RSV infection is associated with the development of recurrent wheezing and asthma in infancy and childhood. The need for precise epidemiologic data regarding RSV as a worldwide pathogen has been growing steadily as novel RSV therapeutics are reaching the final stages of development. To optimize the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of RSV infection in a timely manner, knowledge about the differences in the timing of the RSV epidemics worldwide is needed. Previous analyses, based on literature reviews of individual reports obtained from medical databases, have failed to provide global country seasonality patterns. Until recently, only certain countries have been recording RSV incidence through their own surveillance systems. This analysis was based on national RSV surveillance reports and medical databases from 27 countries worldwide. This is the first study to use original-source, high-quality surveillance data to establish a global, robust, and homogeneous report on global country-specific RSV seasonality. Chan M, Park JJ, Shi T, Martinón-Torres F, Bont L, Nair H, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Network (ReSViNET).
Acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRIs) caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are a leading cause of hospitalization in infants. Numerous risk factors have been identified in the aetiology of severe RSV-associated ALRI necessitating hospitalisation, including prematurity and congenital heart disease. Down syndrome (DS), a common genetic disorder associated with congenital and dysmorphic features, has recently been identified as an independent risk factor for RSV-associated ALRI requiring hospitalisation; however, the disease burden of RSV-associated ALRI in this population has not yet been established. Similarly, the impact of DS as an independent risk factor has not yet been quantified. We aimed therefore to estimate the incidence of admissions in children with DS, and by comparing this with unaffected children, to quantify the risk of DS independent of other risk factors. A highly potent extended half-life antibody as apotential RSV vaccine surrogate for all infants5/29/2017 Zhu Q, McLellan JS, Kallewaard NL, Ulbrandt ND, Palaszynski S, Zhang J, Moldt B, Khan A, Svabek C, McAuliffe JM, Wrapp D, Patel NK, Cook KE, Richter BWM, Ryan PC, Yuan AQ, Suzich JA.
Most children with severe RSV infection were previously healthy term children. Palivizumab, the only approved agent for RSV prophylaxis, is limited to high-risk infants, and the cost associated with the requirement for dosing throughout the RSV season makes its use impractical for all infants. This paper describes the development of a monoclonal antibody as potential RSV prophylaxis for all infants with a single intramuscular dose. MEDI8897 has >50-fold higher activity than palivizumab. More than threefold increased half-life. Considering the half-life its use may be an option to protect all infants from RSV disease with once-per-RSV-season dosing. Heikkinen T, Ojala E, Waris M.
We analyzed the burden of RSV in a prospective cohort study of children aged ≤13 years during two consecutive respiratory seasons in Turku, Finland (2231 child-seasons of follow-up). Of 6001 medically attended respiratory infections, 302 (5%) were caused by RSV. Per 1000 children, the average annual RSV incidence rates among children aged <3, 3-6, and 7-13 years were 275, 117, and 46, respectively. In children aged <3 years, acute otitis media developed in 58%, and 66% of children in this age group received antibiotics. The mean duration of RSV illness was longest (13.0 days) and the rate of parental work absenteeism highest (136 days per 100 children with RSV) in children aged <3 years. The burden of RSV is particularly great among outpatient children aged <3 years, and young children are an important target group for the development of RSV vaccines and antivirals. Mazur NI, Bont L, Cohen AL, Cohen C, Gottberg A von, Groome MJ, Hellferscee O, Klipstein-Grobusch K, Mekgoe O, Naby F, Moyes J, Tempia S, Treurnicht FK, Venter M, Walaza S, Wolter N, Madhi SA; for the South African Severe Acute Respiratory Illness (SARI) Surveillance Group
It is still not clear why some children have life-threatening RSV disease. Molecular diagnostics enable sensitive detection of respiratory viruses but their clinical significance remains unclear in pediatric lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). We aimed to determine whether viral coinfections increase life-threatening disease in a large cohort. As part of the Severe Acute Respiratory Illness (SARI) hospitalization sentinal surveillance conducted in South Africa from February 2009-December 2013, molecular testing for respiratory viruses was performed in 2.322 HIV-uninfected children with RSV-associated LRTI. We found that RSV and any viral coinfection compared to RSV monoinfection is not associated with more severe disease (OR:0.74, 95%CI 0.39-1.4). However, increased life-threatening disease in RSV-adenovirus (aOR: 3.4, 95%CI: 1.6-7.2, p=0.001)and RSV-Influenza coinfection (aOR: 2.1, 95%CI 1.0-4.5, p=0.05) warrants further study. Geoghegan S, Erviti A,Caballero MT, Vallone F, Zanone1 SM, Ves Losada J, Bianchi A, Acosta PL, Talarico LB, Ferretti A, Grimaldi LA, Sancilio A, Dueñas K, Sastre G, Rodriguez A, Ferrero F, Barboza E, Fernández Gago G, Nocito C, Flamenco E, Rodriguez Perez A, Rebec B, Ferolla M, Libster R, Karron RA, Berge E, Polack FP.
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection during infancy causes enormous mortality in the developing world. However, a good proportion of the mortality data have been derived from studies measuring excess mortality during RSV epidemics. Much of RSV-related deaths probably occur in the community due to lack of access to care. To understand individual characteristics of community-based and hospital-based deaths a prospective multicentre study was performed in Argentina. In hospitalized patients, case fatality was 0.9%. RSV infection explained about 50% of all deaths among infants presenting with lower respiratory tract illness. Death was related to bacterial sepsis and pneumothorax. This study is one of the first to provide insight into clinical characteristics of children dying from RSV and the mechanisms eventually preceding death. |
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June 2019
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